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Special Activities Division by jekky
(9663, 'Overview br SAD provides the President of the United States with an option when overt military and or diplomatic actions are not viable or politically feasible SAD can be directly tasked by the President of the United States or the National Security Council at the President s direction This is unlike any other U S special mission force However SAD SOG has far fewer members than most of the other special missions units such as Delta Force or SEAL Team Six As the action arm of the NCS SAD SOG conducts military direct action missions such as raids ambushes sabotage assassinations and unconventional warfare e g training and leading guerrilla and military units of other countries in combat SAD SOG also conducts special reconnaissance that can be either military or intelligence driven but is carried out by Paramilitary Operations Officers when in denied areas Paramilitary Operations Officers are also fully trained case officers and as such conduct clandestine human intellgence HUMINT operations throughout the world SAD SOG officers are selected exclusively from the most elite U S military units br The political action group within SAD conducts the deniable psychological operations also known as black propaganda as well as Covert Influence to effect political change as an important part of any Administration s foreign policy Covert intervention in a foreign election is the most significant form of political action This could involve financial support for favored candidates media guidance technical support for public relations get out the vote or political organizing efforts legal expertise advertising campaigns assistance with poll watching and other means of direct action Policy decisions could be influenced by assets such as subversion of officials of the country to make decisions in their official capacity that are in the furtherance of U S policy aims In addition mechanisms for forming and developing opinions involve the covert use of propaganda br Propaganda includes leaflets newspapers magazines books radio and television All of which are geared to convey the U S message appropriate to the region These techniques have expanded to cover the Internet as well They may employ officers to work as journalists recruit agents of influence operate media platforms plant certain stories or information in places it is hoped it will come to public attention or seek to deny and or discredit information that is public knowledge In all such propaganda efforts black operations denote those in which the audience is to be kept ignorant of the source white efforts are those in which the originator openly acknowledges himself and gray operations are those in which the source is partly but not fully acknowledged br Some examples of political action programs were the prevention of the Italian Communist Party PCI from winning elections between 1948 and during the late 1960s overthrowing the governments of Iran in 1953 Guatemala in 1954 and Indonesia in 1957 as well as providing funds and support to the trade union federation Solidarity following the imposition of martial law in Poland after 1981 br SAD s existence became better known as a result of the Global War on Terror Beginning in autumn of 2001 SAD SOG Paramilitary teams arrived in Afghanistan to hunt down al Qaeda leaders facilitate the entry of U S Army Special Forces and lead the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan against the ruling Taliban SAD SOG units also defeated Ansar al Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan prior to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and trained equipped organized and led the Kurdish peshmerga forces to defeat the Iraqi army in northern Iraq Despite being the most covert unit in U S Special Operations numerous books have been published on the exploits of CIA paramilitary officers including Conboy amp Morrison 1999 Feet to the Fire CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia 1957 1958 by Kenneth J Conboy and James Morrison and Warner 1996 Shooting at the Moon The Story of America s Clandestine War in Laos Most experts consider SAD SOG the premiere force for unconventional warfare UW whether that warfare consists of either creating or combating an insurgency in a foreign country br In the 2003 book Special OPS America s elite forces in 21st century combat the author states br Highly classified the SAD is regarded as the preeminent special operations unit in the world Members are the elite of the elite the best period This results from the sources from which the organization recruits its members Special missions units SMUs such as Delta Force and NSWDG United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group br There remains some conflict between the National Clandestine Service and the more clandestine parts of the United States Special Operations Command USSOCOM such as the Joint Special Operations Command This is usually confined to the civilian political heads of the respective Department Agency The combination of SAD and USSOCOM units has resulted in some of the most notable successes of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan SAD SOG has several missions One of these missions is the recruiting training and leading of indigenous forces in combat operations SAD SOG and its successors have been used when it was considered desirable to have plausible deniability about U S support this is called a covert operation or covert action Unlike other special missions units SAD operatives combine special operations and clandestine intelligence capabilities in one individual These individuals can operate in any environment sea air or ground with limited to no support These Paramilitary Operations Officers are from the Special Operations Group SOG of SAD br Covert action br Under U S law the CIA is authorized to collect intelligence conduct counterintelligence and to conduct covert action by the National Security Act of 1947 President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984 This order defined covert action as special activities both political and military that the U S government would deny and granted them exclusively to the CIA The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and mirrored in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413 e The CIA must have a Presidential Finding issued by the President of the United States in order to conduct these activities under the Hughes Ryan amendment to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the U S Senate called the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence SSCI and the U S House of Representatives called the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence HPSCI br Every U S President since George Washington has used covert action as a part of their broader foreign policy whether Republican or Democrat liberal or conservative A majority of these covert action operations were successful Most of the operations that were not successful were directed by the President over the objections of the CIA Some of the most controversial covert action programs such as the Iran Contra affair were not primarily the work of the CIA Covert action programs are also much less expensive than overt political or military actions The Pentagon commissioned a study to determine whether the CIA or the U S Department of Defense DoD should conduct covert action paramilitary operations Their study determined that the CIA should maintain this capability and be the sole government agency conducting covert action The DoD found that even under U S law it does not have the legal authority to conduct covert action nor the operational agility to carry out these types of missions br Selection and training br SAD SOG has several hundred officers almost all of them former members of Special operations forces SOF and most from the Joint Special Operations Command JSOC These units include the U S Army s Delta Force Navy DEVGRU Marine Force Recon Army Special Forces Navy SEALs MARSOC Army Rangers Air Force Combat Controllers and Air Force Pararescuemen The CIA s formal position for these individuals is Paramilitary Operations Officers These officers are then fully trained as clandestine intelligence operatives otherwise known in the vernacular as spies The primary strengths of SAD SOG Paramilitary Officers are agility adaptability and deniability They often operate in small teams typically with six operators all with extensive military special operations expertise and specialized skills that do not exist in any other unit They are also fully trained intelligence case officers with all the clandestine skills to collect HUMINT that come with that training These officers often operate in remote locations behind enemy lines to carry out direct action including raids and sabotage conduct espionage by HUMINT assets counter intelligence guerrilla or unconventional warfare UW and hostage rescue missions There are three elements within the Special Operations Group of SAD the Air Branch Maritime Branch and Ground Branch Together SAD SOG has a complete combined arms covert military Paramilitary Operations Officers are the core of each branch and routinely move between the branches to gain expertise in all aspects of SOG As such Paramilitary Operations Officers are trained to operate in all of these areas and environments Because these officers are taken from the most elite units in the U S military and then provided with extensive additional training to be CIA clandestine intelligence officers and SAD SOG operatives in all these environments many U S security experts assess them as the elite of the U S special missions units br SAD like most of the CIA requires a bachelor s degree to be considered for employment Many have advanced degrees such as master s and law degrees Traditionally these candidates come from the best schools including the Ivy League SAD officers are trained at Camp Peary Virginia also known as The Farm and at privately owned training centers around the United States They also train its personnel at Harvey Point a facility outside of Hertford North Carolina In addition to the twelve months of training in the Clandestine Service Trainee CST Program to be a clandestine intelligence officer Paramilitary Operations Officers are trained to a level of high proficiency in the use and tactical employment of an unusually wide degree of modern weaponry explosive devices and firearms foreign and domestic hand to hand combat high performance driving on and off road apprehension avoidance including picking handcuffs and escaping from confinement improvised explosive devices Military Free Fall parachuting combat and commercial SCUBA and closed circuit diving proficiency in foreign languages entry operations and vehicle hot wiring Survival Evasion Resistance and Escape SERE extreme survival and wilderness training combat EMS medical training tactical communications and tracking br History br World War II br William Joseph Donovan br While the World War II Office of Strategic Services OSS was technically a military agency under the Joint Chiefs of Staff in practice it was fairly autonomous of military control and enjoyed direct access to President Franklin D Roosevelt Major General William Joseph Donovan was the head of the OSS Donovan was a soldier and Medal of Honor recipient from World War One He was also a lawyer and former classmate of FDR at Columbia Law School Like the subsequent CIA OSS included both human intelligence functions and special operations paramilitary functions Its Secret Intelligence division was responsible for espionage while its Jedburgh teams a joint U S U K French unit were an ancestor of groups that create guerrilla units such as the U S Army Special Forces and the CIA OSS Operational Groups were larger U S units that carried out direct action behind enemy lines Even during WWII the idea of intelligence and special operations units not under strict military control was controversial OSS operated primarily in the European Theater of Operations ETO and to some extent in the China Burma India Theater while General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was extremely reluctant to have any OSS personnel within his area of operations br From 1943 1945 the OSS also played a major role in training Kuomintang troops in China and Burma and recruited other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in Burma fighting the Japanese army OSS also helped arm train and supply resistance movements including Mao Zedong s People s Liberation Army in China and the Viet Minh in French Indochina in areas occupied by the Axis powers Other functions of the OSS included the use of propaganda espionage subversion and post war planning br One of the greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its penetration of Nazi Germany by OSS operatives The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian commandos for missions inside Nazi Germany Some of these agents included exiled communists and socialist party members labor activists anti Nazi POWs and German and Jewish refugees At the height of its influence during World War II the OSS employed almost 24 000 people br OSS Paramilitary Officers parachuted into many countries that were behind enemy lines including France Norway and Greece In Crete OSS paramilitary officers linked up with equipped and fought alongside Greek resistance forces against the Axis occupation br OSS was disbanded shortly after World War II with its intelligence analysis functions moving temporarily into the U S Department of State Espionage and counterintelligence went into military units The paramilitary and related functions went into an assortment of ad hoc groups such as the Office of Policy Coordination Between the original creation of the CIA by the National Security Act of 1947 and various mergers and reorganizations through 1952 the wartime OSS functions generally went into CIA The mission of training and leading of guerrillas generally stayed in the United States Army Special Forces but the missions that were required to remain covert went to the paramilitary arm of the CIA The direct descendant of the OSS special operations is the CIA s Special Activities Division br Tibet br 14th Dalai Lama br After the Chinese invasion of Tibet in October 1950 the CIA inserted SAD paramilitary teams into Tibet to train and lead Tibetan resistance fighters against the People s Liberation Army of China These teams selected and then trained Tibetan soldiers in the Rocky Mountains of the United States The SAD teams then advised and led these commandos against the Chinese both from Nepal and India In addition SAD Paramilitary Officers were responsible for the Dalai Lama s clandestine escape to India narrowly escaping capture and certain execution by the')
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